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Introduction
Short Papers
Long Papers
Text Formatting
Documentation and Listing Sources
Reference Words and Abbreviations
Proofreading Marks and Abbreviations
Appendix
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| AD |
anno Domini: "in the year of the Lord" - precedes numerals: often printed in all caps; no space between letters and no periods after each letter. Avoid using reference to centuries. Cf. BC. |
| anon |
anonymous |
| art., arts |
article(s) |
| b. |
born |
| BC |
Before Christ - follows numerals; often printed in all caps; no space between. Cf. AD. |
| bibliog. |
bibliography, -er, ical |
| biog. |
biography, -er, -ical |
| bk., bks. |
book(s) |
| c |
copyright |
| c., (ca.) |
circa 'about' (used with approximate dates: c. 1650) |
| ch., chs. chap. chaps. |
chapter(s) |
| d. |
died |
| ed., eds. |
editor(s), -ion(s), ed by |
| e.g. |
exempli gratia 'for example' (rarely capitalized; set off by commas, unless preceded by a different punctuation mark) |
| esp. |
especially (as in pp. 248-63, esp. p.251) |
| et al. |
et alii, et aliae 'and others' |
| etc. |
et cetera 'and so forth' (like most abbreviation, not appropriate in the text of the research paper) |
| ex., exs. |
example |
| fig., figs. |
figure(s) |
| i.e. |
id est 'that is' (rarely captialized; set off by commas, unless preceded by a different punctuation mark.
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| illus. |
illustrated, -or, -ion(s) |
| 1., 11. |
line(s) |
| introd. |
introduction ("by" is understood in context) |
| n., nn. |
note(s) use immediately following the page number (34n, 34n2, 34nn2-5) |
| narr. |
narrator, narrated by |
| NB |
nota bene 'take notice' or 'mark well' (always capitalized, do not punctuate |
| p. pp. |
page numbers, do not capitalize, do not use abbreviation before page numbers in citations |
| pub., pubs. publ.,publs. |
published by, publisher, publication |
| rev. |
revised (by), revision; review, -ed by. it is better to spell out "review" if there is any possibility of ambiguity. |
| sc. |
scene |
| ser. |
series |
| sic |
'thus so' - Between square brackets when used as an editorial comment; otherwise within parentheses. Avoid using with an exclamation mark. |
| St., sts., |
stanza |
| St., Sts., (S,SS) |
Saint, Saints |
| trans. (tr.) |
translated |
| v., w. (vs., vss.) |
verse(s) |
| vers. |
version |
| viz., |
with or without a period |
| vol., vols. |
volume(s) |
| vs. (v.) |
versus: means "against" (v. preferred in legal cases) |
| writ. |
written by, writer |
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